Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which structural or functional abnormalities impair cardiac filling or ejection.¹

Global prevalence has more than doubled from 25.43 million in 1990 to >64 million people in 2023 and remains a leading cause of hospitalisation in adults aged >65 years. UK prevalence is projected to double by 2040.^2,3,4

Increasingly driven by obesity, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease, HF (particularly heart failure with preserved ejection fraction [HFpEF]) is now recognised as a systemic cardiometabolic disorder.^5,6,7